The periodic table is arranged according to periodic properties in terms of ionization energy, electronegativity, atomic radius, electron affinity, and metallic character. The periodic table arranges the elements by periodic properties, which are recurring trends in physical and chemical characteristics.
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Atomic Radius
We can never determine the atomic radius of an atom because there is never a zero probability of finding an electron, and thus never a distinct boundary to the atom. All that we can measure is the distance between two nuclei (internuclear distance). A covalent radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms. An ionic radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two ions in an ionic bond. The distance must be apportioned for the smaller cation and larger anion. A metallic radius is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms in a crystalline structure. The noble gases are left out of the trends in atomic radii because there is great debate over the experimental values of their atomic radii. The SI units for measuring atomic radii are the nanometer (nm) and the picometer (pm). 1 nm = 1 X 10-9 m; 1 pm = 1 X 10-12 m
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